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Moreover, these molecules are not routinary detected with common screening panels, so far in emergency rooms the test could result completely negative leading to misunderstanding diagnosis or therapy and limited evaluation of the phenomenon. Recreational use of tryptamines requires only minute amounts to produce psychotropic phenomena and has been associated to intoxications and fatalities for several reasons, including low toxic concentrations.
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Shulgin who described his experiences within the book Tihkal : he identified 55 molecules and he tested these substances on volunteers to assess their effects according to his rating scale. The synthesis and the effects of these compounds have been fully investigated by Alexander T. In general, tryptamines seem to have hallucinogenic properties, rather than stimulant or entactogenic characteristics: their alpha methylation leads to stimulant activity, being the presence of an alpha carbon methyl group, a characteristic in common with amphetamine. Tryptamines show agonist action at multiple receptors, including 5HT2a-1a-2c serotonin receptors, and several ion channels. Tryptamine structure as template for new psychoactive compounds Naturally occurring derivatives of the tryptamines are present in the ‘Magic mushrooms’ belonging to Psilocybe cubensis species, which contain psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), the latter showing marked similarities with serotonin (Fig. Gibbons in his publication, defines the nature “an astounding chemist (.) able to produce compounds that have profound effects on the central nervous system (CNS)”. Moreover, mammalian brain contains very low concentrations (in the low ng/g range) of tryptamine, which may act as a neurotransmitter or modulator : it acts as a serotonin releasing agent and it is an enhancer of serotonergic activity. The tryptamines play a fundamental role in human life: serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), one of the most important signaling hormones in the body, is a tryptamine natural derivative involved in regulation and modulation of multiple processes within the central nervous system, such as sleep, cognition, memory, temperature regulation and behavior. Tryptamines have an indole ring structure, a fused double ring comprising of a pyrrole ring and a benzene ring, joined to an amino group by 2 carbon side chain. 1 1), which can be synthesized by decarboxylation of the aminoacid tryptophan: they can be found in plants, fungi, animals, microbes and amphibia. Tryptamines are a group of monoamine alkaloids (Fig. The majority of new recreational synthetic drugs fall into one of the following psychoactive drug categories: synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenylethylamines, piperazines, ketamine derivatives and tryptamines. The use of NPS has increased dramatically in recent years: only in the European Union, the number of NPS identified has risen “from 14 at the end of 2005 to 236 by the end of 2012”. The phenomenon of marketing illicit drug ‘‘derivatives’’ grew mainly because of their easy availability on the Internet or in “head shops”. The International Narcotics Control Boardregards the Internet “as a growing source of on-line drug trafficking”: products purchased on Internet may vary over time proposing chemicals always different, not listed in literature, meaning that users are often unaware of what or how much they are taking, causing increasing risks to public health. They may be formulated as “bulk powders, liquids, tablets, capsules, blotters,” or herbal preparations, indeed on the web sites these drugs are sold as “research chemicals,” “incense,” “bath salts,” or “plant-growth fertilizers,” equipped with labels specifying that the products are “not for human consumption” or “not for sale to minors”. According to Zuba, “they are created usually by manipulating already existing psychoactive substances or, less, by finding drugs with a new chemical structure that may produce similar effects to those of the illegal drugs of abuse”. The New psychoactive substances (NPS) are defined by European Community (2005) as “substances of abuse either in a pure form or preparation that are not controlled by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, but which may pose a public health threat comparable to scheduled substances”.